SARARO, Iraq, Jan 31 (Reuters) – Looming over the abandoned village of Sararo in northern Iraq, three Turkish navy outposts break the skyline, a part of an incursion that compelled the residents to flee final yr after days of shelling.

The outposts are simply a number of the dozens of recent navy bases Turkey has established on Iraqi soil up to now two years because it steps up its decades-long offensive in opposition to Kurdish militants sheltered within the distant and rugged area.

“When Turkey first came to the area, they set up small portable tents, but in the spring, they set up outposts with bricks and cement,” Sararo’s mayor Abdulrahman Hussein Rashid stated in December throughout a go to to the village, the place shell casings and shrapnel nonetheless litter the bottom.

“They have drones and cameras operating 24/7. They know everything that’s going on,” he instructed Reuters, as drones buzzed overhead within the mountainous terrain 5 km from the frontier.

Turkey’s advances throughout the more and more depopulated border of Iraqi Kurdistan entice little world consideration in comparison with its incursions into Syria or the battle in opposition to Islamic State, however the escalation risks additional destabilising a area the place international powers have intervened with impunity, analysts say.

Turkey may develop into additional embroiled if its new Iraqi bases come beneath sustained assault, whereas its rising presence might also embolden Iran to broaden navy motion in Iraq in opposition to teams it accuses of fomenting unrest at residence, Kurdish officers say.

Former secretary normal for Kurdistan’s Peshmerga forces, Jabar Manda, stated Turkey had 29 outposts in Iraq till 2019 however the quantity has mushroomed as Ankara tries to cease the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) launching assaults by itself territory.

“Year after year the outposts have been increasing after the escalation of battles between Turkish forces and the PKK,” he stated, estimating the present quantity at 87, principally in a strip of border territory about 150 km lengthy (95 miles) and 30 km deep.

“In those outposts there are tanks and armoured vehicles,” stated Manda, who’s now a safety analyst in Sulaimaniya. “Helicopters supply the outposts daily.”

EMPTY VILLAGES

A Kurdish official, who declined to be named, additionally stated Turkey now had about 80 outposts in Iraq. Another Kurdish official stated at the least 50 had been constructed within the final two years and that Turkey’s presence was turning into extra everlasting.

Asked to touch upon its bases in Iraq, Turkey’s defence ministry stated its operations there have been in step with article 51 of the U.N. Charter, which supplies member states the best to self defence within the occasion of assaults.

“Our fight against terrorism in northern Iraq is carried out in coordination and close cooperation with the Iraqi authorities,” the ministry stated in an announcement, which didn’t handle questions concerning the figures cited by Kurdish officers.

Turkey’s presence in northern Iraq, which has lengthy been outdoors the direct management of the Baghdad authorities, dates again to the Nineties when former Iraqi chief Saddam Hussein let Turkish forces advance 5 km into the nation to combat the PKK.

Since then, Turkey has constructed a major presence, together with one base at Bashiqa 80 km inside Iraq, the place it says Turkish troops had been a part of a global mission to coach and equip Iraqi forces to combat Islamic State.

Turkey stated it labored to keep away from civilian casualties by way of its coordination with Iraqi authorities.

A report printed in August by a coalition of NGOs, End Cross-Border Bombing, stated at the least 98 civilians had been killed between 2015 and 2021. The International Crisis Group, which gave an analogous civilian demise toll, stated 1,180 PKK militants had been killed between 2015 and 2023.

According to an official with Iraq’s Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), the conflict has additionally emptied at the least 800 villages since 2015, when a ceasefire between Turkey and the PKK broke down, driving 1000’s of individuals from their properties.

NEW TARGETS

Beyond the humanitarian influence, Turkey’s incursion risks widening the conflict by giving carte blanche to regional rival Iran to step up intelligence operations inside Iraq and take its personal navy motion, Kurdish officers say.

Tehran has already fired missiles at bases of Kurdish teams it accuses of involvement in protests in opposition to its restrictions on girls, displacing a whole bunch of Iranian Kurds and killing some.

Iran didn’t reply to requests for remark.

Pro-Iranian militias in Iraq even have a pretext to reply to Turkey’s presence, analysts say, elevating the prospect of escalation between Turkish troops and teams moreover the PKK.

Hamdi Malik, a specialist on Iraqi Shi’ite militias on the Washington Institute, stated pro-Iranian teams comparable to Liwa Ahrar al-Iraq (Free People of Iraq Brigade) and Ahrar Sinjar (Free People of Sinjar) rebranded themselves final yr because the resistance in opposition to the Turkish presence.

According to a Washington Institute report, assaults on Turkish navy services in Iraq elevated from a mean of 1.5 strikes per 30 days in the beginning of 2022 to seven in April.

If the teams, that are deeply hostile to Washington, step up operations that may additionally undermine the affect of the United States and its 2,000 troops in Iraq, stated Mustafa Gurbuz, a non-resident fellow on the Arab Center Washington.

“Turkey is underestimating the strength of opposition and the fact that these facilities will become targets in the future and more so as hostilities increase,” stated Sajad Jiyad, Baghdad-based analyst for The Century Foundation, a U.S. think-tank.

‘THEY HAVE BOTH WRONGED US’

Northern Iraq’s fragmented politics imply that neither the federal authorities in Baghdad nor the KRG regional authority are robust sufficient to problem Turkey’s presence – or to fulfill Ankara’s purpose of containing the PKK themselves.

The Baghdad authorities has complained about Ankara’s incursions however has little authority within the primarily Kurdish north, whereas the area’s ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) doesn’t have the firepower to problem the PKK, regardless of seeing it as a potent and populist rival.

The KDP has traditionally cooperated with Turkey however has restricted affect over a neighbour which wields far higher navy and financial clout.

“We ask all foreign military groups – including the PKK – to not drag the Kurdistan Region into any kind of conflicts or tensions,” KRG spokesman Jotiar Adil stated.

“The PKK are the main reason that pushed Turkey to enter our territories in the Kurdistan Region. Therefore, we think the PKK should leave,” he stated. “We are not a side in this long-standing conflict and we have no plans to be on any side.”

Iraqi Kurdish Prime Minister Masrour Barzani instructed Reuters the conflict between Turkey and the PKK was a matter of concern, however much less urgent than the risk from Islamic State.

Hariam Mahmoud, a number one determine within the Kurdistan Liberation Movement, a civilian opposition group in Iraq influenced by the concepts of jailed PKK chief Abdullah Ocalan, stated regardless of how a lot Turkey squeezes them they’ll proceed to withstand.

“In our opinion, this is an occupation and fighting resistance is a legitimate right,” stated Mahmoud, who lives in Garmiyan district south of Sulaimaniya.

Civilians, in the meantime, proceed to pay the value.

Ramzan Ali, 72, was irrigating his area in Hirure a couple of km from Sararo in 2021, when he heard an enormous blast. The subsequent factor he remembers is being on the bottom coated in blood.

He stated a Turkish shell had crashed into his property – a daily prevalence when Turkish troops reply to PKK assaults with artillery.

“I watched my life flash before my eyes,” Ali stated within the city of Zakho, the place he’s nonetheless affected by shrapnel wounds. “I am mad at both the PKK and Turkey. They have both wronged us.”

Reporting by Amina Ismail in Sararo, Ahmed Rasheed in Baghdad and Kawa Omar in Dohuk; Editing by Dominic Evans and David Clarke

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

WASHINGTON/KHERSON, Ukraine, Dec 2 (Reuters) – The presidents of the United States and France mentioned they might hold Russia to account for its actions in Ukraine and the European Union reached tentative settlement on an oil value cap to squeeze Moscow’s export earnings.

Joe Biden additionally mentioned he can be prepared to communicate immediately to Russian President Vladimir Putin about ending the warfare however that there was no signal of that occuring. In March, a month into Russia’s invasion, Biden referred to as Putin a “butcher” over his actions and mentioned the Kremlin chief “cannot stay in power”.

Now, after greater than 9 months of combating and with winter tightening its grip, Western international locations are attempting to increase assist for Ukraine because it reels from missile and drone assaults which have left hundreds of thousands with out heating, electrical energy and water.

Russia accused the United States and NATO of taking part in a direct and harmful function within the warfare and mentioned Washington had turned Kyiv into an existential risk for Moscow which it couldn’t ignore.

Fighting continued to rage in japanese Ukraine, with the city of Bakhmut the principle goal of Moscow’s artillery assaults, whereas Russian forces within the southern Kherson and Zaporizhzhia areas had been on the defensive, Ukraine’s General Staff mentioned.

In a bid to scale back the cash accessible for Moscow’s warfare effort, the European Union tentatively agreed on Thursday on a $60 a barrel value cap on Russian seaborne oil, in accordance to diplomats. The measure would want to be permitted by all EU governments in a written process by Friday.

‘NEVER AGAIN’

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy, in a video posted on Thursday night time, mentioned that Dec. 1 was the anniversary of a referendum 31 years in the past when Ukraine – then nonetheless a part of the Soviet Union – voted overwhelmingly in favour of independence.

“Our desire to live freely … will not be broken. Ukrainians will never again be a tiny stone in some empire,” Zelenskiy mentioned.

Biden and French President Emmanuel Macron mentioned in a joint assertion after Oval Office talks on Thursday that they had been dedicated to holding Russia to account “for widely documented atrocities and war crimes, committed both by its regular armed forces and by its proxies” in Ukraine.

Biden advised reporters he was ready to communicate with the Russian president “if in fact there is an interest in him deciding he’s looking for a way to end the war,” including that Putin “hasn’t done that yet”.

Macron mentioned he would proceed to discuss to Putin to “try to prevent escalation and to get some very concrete results” akin to the protection of nuclear crops.

The International Atomic Energy Agency hopes to attain an settlement with Russia and Ukraine to create a safety zone on the Zaporizhzhia nuclear energy plant by the top of the yr, the top of the U.N. atomic watchdog, Rafael Grossi, advised Italian newspaper La Repubblica in an interview.

Repeated shelling across the Russian-held plant has raised concern concerning the potential for a grave accident simply 500 km (300 miles) from the location of the world’s worst nuclear accident, the 1986 Chornobyl catastrophe.

There aren’t any political talks beneath manner to finish the warfare, which Russia started on Feb. 24 as a “special military operation” claiming its goal was to disarm its neighbour and root out leaders it characterises as harmful nationalists.

Ukraine and the West name it an imperialist land seize, which has killed tens of hundreds of Ukrainian civilians and troopers on either side.

Ukraine’s armed forces have misplaced someplace between 10,000 and 13,000 troopers up to now, presidential adviser Mykhailo Podolyak advised a Ukrainian tv community on Thursday.

“We will never urge the Ukrainians to make a compromise which will not be acceptable for them, because they are so brave,” Macron mentioned in Washington.

ATTACKS

Russia has not too long ago intensified a marketing campaign to knock out energy, water and warmth provides in Ukrainian cities. Ukraine and the West say the technique intentionally intends to hurt civilians, a warfare crime, one thing Moscow denies.

Kyiv Mayor Vitaliy Klitschko on Thursday advised residents to replenish on water, meals and heat garments within the occasion of a complete blackout.

The assaults on infrastructure are possible to enhance the associated fee to hold Ukraine’s economic system going subsequent yr by up to $1 billion a month, and assist to the nation would want to be “front-loaded”, IMF head Kristalina Georgieva advised the Reuters NEXT convention on Thursday.

In the early hours of Friday, Russian forces shelled a constructing within the Ukrainian-held metropolis of Zaporizhzhia, setting it ablaze, metropolis official Anatoly Krutyev mentioned.

Russian forces, having deserted the strategic southern metropolis of Kherson in November, are attempting to set up defensive positions and are shelling a number of cities to the north, Ukraine’s General Staff mentioned in an announcement in a single day.

Reuters couldn’t independently verify battlefield reviews.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, talking throughout an annual information convention in Moscow, mentioned NATO and the United States had been taking part immediately within the battle by sending deadly weapons into Ukraine “to kill Russians”.

Lavrov additionally mentioned current missile strikes focusing on Ukraine’s civil infrastructure had been aimed toward stopping Kyiv from importing Western arms. He didn’t clarify how such assaults might obtain that goal.

Germany plans to ship seven Gepard tanks to Ukraine subsequent spring, including to 30 already getting used to battle in opposition to Russian forces, Spiegel journal reported on Friday.

In an indication that some channels of communication stay open, Russia’s Defence Ministry and the top of Ukraine’s presidential administration mentioned the 2 international locations swapped 50 service personnel on Thursday.

Reporting by Reuters bureaux; writing by Stephen Coates and Gareth Jones; modifying by Simon Cameron-Moore and Nick Macfie

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

WARSAW, Oct 12 (Reuters) – Germany stated on Wednesday it was receiving much less oil however nonetheless had ample provides, after Poland discovered a leak within the Druzhba pipeline that delivers crude from Russia to Europe that Warsaw stated was most likely attributable to an accident moderately than sabotage.

The discovery of the leak in the primary route carrying oil to Germany, which operator PERN stated it discovered on Tuesday night, comes as Europe is on excessive alert over its power safety because it faces a extreme disaster within the aftermath of Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine which has minimize provides of gasoline.

“Security of supply in Germany is currently guaranteed,” an economic system ministry spokesperson stated in an emailed assertion. “The refineries in Schwedt and Leuna continue to receive crude oil via the Druzhba pipeline.”

The Schwedt refinery, which provides 90% of Berlin’s gasoline, stated in an emailed assertion that deliveries have been going down at decreased capability.

Germany stated it hoped for extra info quickly from Poland about the reason for the leak and the way it may be repaired.

Europe has been on excessive alert over the safety of its power infrastructure since main leaks have been discovered final month within the Nord Stream 1 and a pair of gasoline pipelines working from Russia to Europe underneath the Baltic Sea. Both the West and Russia have blamed sabotage.

However, Poland’s high official answerable for power infrastructure, Mateusz Berger, informed Reuters by phone that the leak within the Druzhba pipeline was probably attributable to “accidental damage”.

“We are living in turbulent times, different connotations are possible, but at this stage we have no grounds at all to believe that,” he stated, when requested about the opportunity of sabotage.

Berger stated the leak was situated 70 km (44 miles) west from Plock, the place Poland’s largest refinery owned by PKN Orlen is situated. As a consequence, a part of the delivery capability in the direction of Germany was not out there, he stated, including that repairs would possible “not take long”.

PERN stated provides to Germany have been decreased however persevering with.

GERMAN, POLAND REFINERY SUPPLIES

The Druzhba oil pipeline, whose title means “friendship” in Russian, is among the world’s largest, supplying Russian oil to a lot of central Europe together with Germany, Poland, Belarus, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Austria.

Russia’s Transneft state-owned pipeline monopoly stated that oil continues to be pumped in the direction of Poland.

Poland’s PKN Orlen (PKN.WA) stated that oil provides to its Plock refinery weren’t interrupted whereas Czech pipeline operator MERO stated it had not seen any change in flows to the Czech Republic.

“The main action (we are taking) is to pump out the liquid and locate the leak and stop it,” hearth brigade spokesman Karol Kierzkowski informed state broadcaster TVP Info.

“When the pressure decreases, the leak will stop and allow us to reach the leak,” he stated, including that it was too early to set up the trigger and there was no hazard to the general public.

Firefighters within the mid-northern Kujawsko-Pomorskie area of Poland stated that they had pumped about 400 cubic metres of oil and water from the positioning of the leak which was in the course of a corn area.

The second line of the pipeline, and different parts of PERN’s infrastructure, have been working as regular, PERN stated.

“At this point, all PERN services (technical, operational, in-house fire brigade and environmental protection) are taking action in accordance with the algorithms provided for this type of situation,” the operator stated.

The complete capability of the western part of the pipeline that ships oil from central Poland to Germany is 27 million tonnes of crude oil per yr.

Germany’s Schwedt refinery is especially depending on Druzhba.

The German authorities goals to remove imports of oil from Russia by the top of the yr underneath European Union sanctions. But within the first seven months of the yr, Russia was nonetheless its high provider, accounting for simply over 30% of oil imports.

As Germany seems to be for different provides for Schwedt, Druzhba may very well be instrumental in supplying oil by way of the Polish port in Gdansk.

The German authorities has additionally been in talks to safe oil from Kazakhstan to provide Schwedt, however that oil would have to circulate to Germany by way of the Druzhba pipeline too.

Reporting by Reuters bureaus writing by Alan Charlish and Marek Strzelecki; Editing by Jan Harvey and Elaine Hardcastle

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

July 28 (Reuters) – A Ukrainian counter-offensive has just about cut off the Russian-occupied southern metropolis of Kherson and left 1000’s of Russian troops stationed close to the Dnipro River “highly vulnerable”, British defence and intelligence officers stated on Thursday.

Ukraine has made clear it intends to recapture Kherson, which fell to Russia within the early days of the invasion launched by Russian President Vladimir Putin on Feb 24.

Britain’s Defence Ministry stated Ukrainian forces have in all probability established a bridgehead south of the Ingulets River, and had used new, lengthy-vary artillery to wreck at the very least three of the bridges crossing the Dnipro.

“Russia’s 49th Army, stationed on the west bank of the Dnipro River, now looks highly vulnerable,” it stated in an everyday intelligence bulletin on Twitter, including that Kherson was just about cut off from the opposite territories occupied by Russia.

“Its loss would severely undermine Russia’s attempts to paint the occupation as a success.”

Oleksiy Danilov, secretary of Ukraine’s National Security and Defence Council, earlier tweeted that Russia was concentrating “the maximum number of troops” within the route of the Kherson however gave no particulars.

Oleksiy Arestovych, an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy, stated Russia was conducting a “massive redeployment” of forces from the east to the south in what amounted to a strategic shift from assault to defence.

Zelenskiy stated Ukraine would rebuild the Antonivskyi bridge over the Dnipro and different crossings within the area.

“We are doing everything to ensure that the occupying forces do not have any logistical opportunities in our country,” he stated in a Wednesday night handle.

Russian officers had earlier stated they might flip as a substitute to pontoon bridges and ferries to get forces throughout the river.

Russian-backed forces on Wednesday stated they’d captured the Soviet-era coal-fired Vuhlehirsk energy plant, Ukraine’s second-largest, in what was Moscow’s first vital acquire in additional than three weeks. learn extra

DIPLOMACY

Russia invaded Ukraine on Feb. 24 in what Moscow calls a “special military operation” to demilitarise and “denazify” its neighbour. Ukraine and its allies name the invasion an unprovoked struggle of aggression.

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated he deliberate a telephone dialog with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov – the primary between the 2 diplomats since earlier than the beginning of the struggle.

The name within the coming days wouldn’t be “a negotiation about Ukraine,” Blinken stated at a information convention, restating Washington’s place that any talks on ending the struggle should be between Kyiv and Moscow.

Russia has obtained no formal request from Washington a few telephone name between Blinken and Lavrov, TASS information company reported.

The United States has made “a substantial offer” to Russia for it to launch U.S. residents WNBA star Brittney Griner and former U.S. Marine Paul Whelan, Blinken stated, with out giving particulars of what the United States was providing in return. learn extra

Blinken stated he would press Lavrov to answer the supply.

A supply conversant in the scenario confirmed a CNN report that Washington was keen to trade Russian arms trafficker Viktor Bout, who’s serving a 25 yr-jail sentence within the United States, as a part of a deal.

Aside from discussing Americans detained by Russia, Blinken stated he would elevate with Lavrov the tentative deal on grain exports reached final week between Russia, the United States, Turkey and Ukraine.

Russia decreased gasoline flows to Europe on Wednesday in an power stand-off with the European Union. It has blocked grain exports from Ukraine since invading, however on Friday agreed to permit deliveries via the Black Sea to Turkey’s Bosphorus Strait and on to international markets. learn extra

The deal was nearly instantly thrown into doubt when Russia fired cruise missiles at Odesa, Ukraine’s largest port, on Saturday, simply 12 hours after the deal was signed.

Before the invasion and subsequent sanctions, Russia and Ukraine accounted for practically a 3rd of world wheat exports.

Reporting by Reuters bureaux; Writing by Grant McCool and Stephen Coates; Editing by Cynthia Osterman and Lincoln Feast.

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

Pipes on the landfall services of the Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline are pictured in Lubmin, Germany, March 8, 2022. REUTERS/Hannibal Hanschke/

FRANKFURT/LONDON, July 27 (Reuters) – Russia delivered much less gas to Europe on Wednesday in a further escalation of an energy stand-off between Moscow and the European Union that can make it tougher, and costlier, for the bloc to refill storage forward of the winter heating season.

The lower in provides, flagged by Gazprom (GAZP.MM) earlier this week, has lowered the capability of Nord Stream 1 pipeline – the key supply path to Europe for Russian gas – to a mere fifth of its complete capability.

Nord Stream 1 accounts for round a 3rd of all Russian gas exports to Europe.

On Tuesday, EU nations authorised a weakened emergency plan to curb gas demand after putting compromise offers to restrict cuts for some nations, hoping decrease consumption will ease the impression in case Moscow stops provides altogether. learn extra

The plan highlights fears that nations might be unable to fulfill targets to refill storage and hold their residents heat through the winter months and that Europe’s fragile financial development could take one other hit if gas must be rationed. learn extra

Royal Bank of Canada analysts mentioned the plan may assist Europe get via the winter supplied gas flows from Russia are at 20-50% capability, however warned towards “complacency in the market European politicians have now solved the issue of Russian gas dependence.”

While Moscow has blamed the delayed return of a serviced turbine and sanctions for the provision cuts, Brussels has accused Russia of utilizing energy as a weapon to blackmail the bloc and retaliate for Western sanctions over its invasion of Ukraine.

Gazprom deputy CEO Vitaly Markelov mentioned the corporate has nonetheless not obtained a Siemens turbine used at Nord Stream 1’s Portovaya compressor station that has been present process servicing in Canada.

Markelov mentioned there have been sanctions dangers related to the equipment, whereas Siemens Energy mentioned Gazprom wanted to supply customs paperwork to convey the turbine again to Russia.

‘SAVE GAS’

On Wednesday, bodily flows by way of Nord Stream 1 tumbled to 14.4 million kilowatt hours per hour (kWh/h) between 1200-1300 GMT from round 28 million kWh/h a day earlier, already simply 40% of regular capability. The drop comes lower than per week after the pipeline restarted following a scheduled 10-day upkeep interval.

European politicians have repeatedly warned Russia may cease gas flows utterly this winter, which might thrust Germany into recession and ship costs for shoppers and trade hovering even further.

The Dutch wholesale gas value for August , the European benchmark, have been up 7% at 210 euros per megawatt hour on Wednesday, up round 400% from a yr in the past.

Germany, Europe’s prime economic system and its largest importer of Russian gas, has been significantly hit by provide cuts since mid-June, with its gas importer Uniper (UN01.DE) requiring a 15 billion euro ($15.21 billion) state bailout as a end result.

Italy, one other main importer that usually will get 40% of gas from Russia, would face a gas provide crunch on the finish of the approaching winter if Russia have been to completely halt provides, Ecological Transition Minister Roberto Cingolani warned. learn extra

Uniper and Italy’s Eni (ENI.MI) each mentioned they obtained much less gas from Gazprom than in current days.

German finance minister Christian Lindner mentioned he was open to using nuclear energy to keep away from an electrical energy scarcity. learn extra

Germany has mentioned it may lengthen the lifetime of its three remaining nuclear crops that produce 6% of its energy, if Russia have been to chop it off from its gas.

Klaus Mueller, head of the nation’s community regulator, mentioned Germany may nonetheless keep away from a gas scarcity that may immediate its rationing, whereas making one other plea to households and trade to “save gas”.

German trade teams, nevertheless, have warned corporations could haven’t any selection however lower manufacturing to realize greater financial savings, pointing to gradual approval for changing pure gas with different, extra polluting fuels. learn extra

Mercedes-Benz (MBGn.DE) chief government Ola Kaellenius mentioned a mix of effectivity measures, elevated electrical energy consumption, decreasing temperatures in manufacturing services and switching to grease may decrease gas use by as much as 50% inside the yr, if essential.

Germany is at the moment at Phase 2 of a three-stage emergency gas plan, with the ultimate section to kick in as soon as rationing can not be prevented.

($1 = 0.9862 euros)

Reporting by Paul Carrel and Rachel More in Berlin, Christoph Steitz in Frankfurt and Nina Chestney in London; further reporting by Angelo Amante in Rome and Reuters bureaux; modifying by Elaine Hardcastle and Tomasz Janowski

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.