Demands from growing international locations for richer nations to assist them pay for the harm attributable to climate change and fund the shift in the direction of a low-carbon future look set to dominate the subsequent spherical of world climate talks beginning in Egypt on Sunday.
Despite repeated requires extra assist, precise financing supplied to this point has come nowhere close to the estimated $1 trillion-a-year wanted.
Here are a number of the methods the cash can get to rising markets.
Development banks
State-backed improvement banks, which finance initiatives to additional financial and social progress, have elevated their give attention to climate investments over the past yr.
The world’s largest multilateral improvement banks elevated their climate-related financing 24% to $82 billion in 2021 versus 2020 ranges. Nearly two-thirds of the cash went to low and middle-income international locations, the banks stated in a current report.
The 2021 determine, nevertheless, stays a good distance wanting the estimated finance wanted by rising markets, and this yr’s summit will doubtless embody discussions of reforming improvement banks to speed up climate financing.
A report by the world’s largest asset supervisor BlackRock final yr put the general need at $1 trillion a yr of private and non-private finance.
Green climate fund
Set up in 2010 to disperse climate finance, the multibillion-dollar Green Climate Fund is likely one of the automobiles for dealing with the $100 billion-a-year pledged by wealthy nations to the poor.
The funds are supposed to gasoline the transition to scrub vitality and fund initiatives to assist weak international locations adapt to a hotter world. But wealthy international locations’ failure to fulfill a 2020 deadline for producing that funding in full angered many at COP26 and will likely be a key bone of competition in Egypt.
In 2020, wealthy international locations supplied $83.3 billion – falling $16.7 billion wanting the goal, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) stated earlier this yr. Rich nations say they are going to be paying the complete $100 billion by 2023.
In Egypt, the talks will handle setting an excellent increased annual purpose from 2025.
Climate funding funds
Climate Investment Funds (CIF) is one other influential multilateral investor which helps low and center revenue international locations adapt to and mitigate climate change.
Since 2008 it has supported greater than 370 initiatives in 72 international locations, utilizing funds from donor governments and the non-public sector.
It is CIF’s work to finance climate adaptation – serving to international locations and communities stay with and adapt to the consequences of climate change – that’s maybe most essential for this yr’s COP27.
While $46 billion of adaptation finance was delivered in 2019-2020, in line with assume tank Climate Policy Initiative (CPI), that is only a tiny fraction of the $340 billion wanted yearly for adaptation in growing international locations by 2030, as estimated by the U.N. Barriers to funding embody a scarcity of widespread influence metrics, perceived decrease returns and extremely localised initiatives.
Blended finance
Blended finance, which seeks to encourage non-public traders into riskier initiatives by mixing it with cash from concessional sources comparable to improvement finance establishments, is seen as a approach to scale finance to rising markets.
However, climate-related flows fell to $14 billion in 2019-2021 from $36.5 billion between 2016-2018, a 60% lower, in line with current report by information tracker Convergence.
Loss and harm funds
Egypt has made the difficulty of offering finance for “loss and damage,” – climate-related destruction to houses, infrastructure and livelihoods within the poorest international locations which have contributed least to world warming – a key focus for this yr’s summit.
It would be the first time the difficulty has been added to the formal agenda, as rich international locations have traditionally resisted making a funding mechanism that might recommend legal responsibility for climate damages.
The United States and European Union stay cautious of making a particular L&D fund, although, with Washington preferring to make use of different pots of cash to assist, in addition to reforming multilateral improvement banks to allow them to present extra assist.
Debt-for-nature swaps
Developed market international locations have lent billions of {dollars} to rising market international locations that may very well be written off, written down or repaid underneath extra climate-friendly phrases. While not a direct cash switch, such debt forgiveness may, for instance, embody necessities for safeguarding pure sources.
Governments see so-called debt-for-nature swaps as a approach to spur motion on climate change, assist the pure surroundings and assist inexperienced progress within the growing world.
In a bid to assist preserve a number of the world’s most weak marine ecosystems, Belize final yr swapped a promise to guard the northern hemisphere’s largest barrier reef for much-needed debt aid.
But examples of debt forgiveness linked to environmental commitments stay uncommon and progress on putting new offers has confirmed gradual.
Carbon markets
Many rising market international locations are additionally pinning their hopes on scaling up the nonetheless nascent marketplace for carbon credit, each between nation states and between international locations and firms, that are eager to offset a few of their carbon emissions.
A credit score may very well be generated by, for instance, defending a rainforest from being lower down, or by committing to rehabilitate degraded land.
While some campaigners have criticised the follow for what they see as enabling corporations to keep away from making onerous selections to cease emitting within the first place, the market may present a approach for cash-poor however nature-rich international locations to lift revenues.
Retiring coal energy
The developed world has pledged to pay growing international locations straight to assist them retire dirtier fuels comparable to coal-fired energy.
Climate Investment Funds stated final month it will allocate $1 billion to assist South Africa and Indonesia transfer away from coal to scrub energy.
Donors final yr additionally pledged $8.5 billion to speed up South Africa’s transition to renewable vitality, largely within the type of concessional loans.
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Negotiators are racing to conclude the deal earlier than COP 27 begins, in what they hope may function a mannequin for different rising economies.
Special drawing rights
The G20 group of the world’s largest economies stated in 2021 it was trying to increase weak international locations’ entry to so-called Special Drawing Rights, or SDRs.
These are reserve property accessible in emergencies and issued by the International Monetary Fund.
However, the IMF stated earlier this yr it was not actively contemplating the creation of latest SDRs.
The IMF in August 2021 created and issued $650 billion in SDR property to member international locations to help their restoration from the Covid-19 pandemic. Officials say most international locations nonetheless maintain these property as reserves.